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Code Editor : go1.11.html

<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.11</h2>

<p>
  The latest Go release, version 1.11, arrives six months after <a href="go1.10">Go 1.10</a>.
  Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries.
  As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
  We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
</p>

<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>

<p>
  There are no changes to the language specification.
</p>

<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>

<p> 
  As <a href="go1.10#ports">announced in the Go 1.10 release notes</a>, Go 1.11 now requires
  OpenBSD 6.2 or later, macOS 10.10 Yosemite or later, or Windows 7 or later;
  support for previous versions of these operating systems has been removed.
</p>

<p> 
  Go 1.11 supports the upcoming OpenBSD 6.4 release. Due to changes in
  the OpenBSD kernel, older versions of Go will not work on OpenBSD 6.4.
</p>

<p>
  There are <a href="https://golang.org/issue/25206">known issues</a> with NetBSD on i386 hardware.
</p>

<p>
  The race detector is now supported on <code>linux/ppc64le</code>
  and, to a lesser extent, on <code>netbsd/amd64</code>. The NetBSD race detector support
  has <a href="https://golang.org/issue/26403">known issues</a>.
</p>

<p>
  The memory sanitizer (<code>-msan</code>) is now supported on <code>linux/arm64</code>.
</p>

<p>
  The build modes <code>c-shared</code> and <code>c-archive</code> are now supported on
  <code>freebsd/amd64</code>.
</p>

<p id="mips">
  On 64-bit MIPS systems, the new environment variable settings
  <code>GOMIPS64=hardfloat</code> (the default) and
  <code>GOMIPS64=softfloat</code> select whether to use
  hardware instructions or software emulation for floating-point computations.
  For 32-bit systems, the environment variable is still <code>GOMIPS</code>,
  as <a href="go1.10#mips">added in Go 1.10</a>.
</p>

<p>
  On soft-float ARM systems (<code>GOARM=5</code>), Go now uses a more
  efficient software floating point interface. This is transparent to
  Go code, but ARM assembly that uses floating-point instructions not
  guarded on GOARM will break and must be ported to
  the <a href="https://golang.org/cl/107475">new interface</a>.
</p>

<p>
  Go 1.11 on ARMv7 no longer requires a Linux kernel configured
  with <code>KUSER_HELPERS</code>. This setting is enabled in default
  kernel configurations, but is sometimes disabled in stripped-down
  configurations.
</p>

<h3 id="wasm">WebAssembly</h3>
<p>
  Go 1.11 adds an experimental port to <a href="https://webassembly.org">WebAssembly</a>
  (<code>js/wasm</code>).
</p>
<p>
  Go programs currently compile to one WebAssembly module that
  includes the Go runtime for goroutine scheduling, garbage
  collection, maps, etc.
  As a result, the resulting size is at minimum around
  2 MB, or 500 KB compressed. Go programs can call into JavaScript
  using the new experimental
  <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/"><code>syscall/js</code></a> package.
  Binary size and interop with other languages has not yet been a
  priority but may be addressed in future releases.
</p>
<p>
  As a result of the addition of the new <code>GOOS</code> value
  "<code>js</code>" and <code>GOARCH</code> value "<code>wasm</code>",
  Go files named <code>*_js.go</code> or <code>*_wasm.go</code> will
  now be <a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">ignored by Go
  tools</a> except when those GOOS/GOARCH values are being used.
  If you have existing filenames matching those patterns, you will need to rename them.
</p>
<p>
  More information can be found on the
  <a href="https://golang.org/wiki/WebAssembly">WebAssembly wiki page</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="riscv">RISC-V GOARCH values reserved</h3>
<p>
  The main Go compiler does not yet support the RISC-V architecture 
  but we've reserved the <code>GOARCH</code> values
  "<code>riscv</code>" and "<code>riscv64</code>", as used by Gccgo,
  which does support RISC-V. This means that Go files
  named <code>*_riscv.go</code> will now also
  be <a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">ignored by Go
  tools</a> except when those GOOS/GOARCH values are being used.
</p>

<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>

<h3 id="modules">Modules, package versioning, and dependency management</h3>
<p>
  Go 1.11 adds preliminary support for a <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Modules__module_versions__and_more">new concept called “modules,”</a>
  an alternative to GOPATH with integrated support for versioning and
  package distribution.
  Using modules, developers are no longer confined to working inside GOPATH,
  version dependency information is explicit yet lightweight,
  and builds are more reliable and reproducible.
</p>

<p>
  Module support is considered experimental.
  Details are likely to change in response to feedback from Go 1.11 users,
  and we have more tools planned.
  Although the details of module support may change, projects that convert
  to modules using Go 1.11 will continue to work with Go 1.12 and later.
  If you encounter bugs using modules,
  please <a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">file issues</a>
  so we can fix them. For more information, see the
  <a href="/cmd/go#hdr-Modules__module_versions__and_more"><code>go</code> command documentation</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="importpath">Import path restriction</h3>

<p>
  Because Go module support assigns special meaning to the
  <code>@</code> symbol in command line operations,
  the <code>go</code> command now disallows the use of
  import paths containing <code>@</code> symbols.
  Such import paths were never allowed by <code>go</code> <code>get</code>,
  so this restriction can only affect users building
  custom GOPATH trees by other means.
</p>

<h3 id="gopackages">Package loading</h3>

<p>
  The new package
  <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/go/packages"><code>golang.org/x/tools/go/packages</code></a>
  provides a simple API for locating and loading packages of Go source code.
  Although not yet part of the standard library, for many tasks it
  effectively replaces the <a href="/pkg/go/build"><code>go/build</code></a>
  package, whose API is unable to fully support modules.
  Because it runs an external query command such as
  <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-List_packages"><code>go list</code></a>
  to obtain information about Go packages, it enables the construction of
  analysis tools that work equally well with alternative build systems
  such as <a href="https://bazel.build">Bazel</a>
  and <a href="https://buckbuild.com">Buck</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="gocache">Build cache requirement</h3>

<p>
  Go 1.11 will be the last release to support setting the environment
  variable <code>GOCACHE=off</code> to disable the
  <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Build_and_test_caching">build cache</a>,
  introduced in Go 1.10.
  Starting in Go 1.12, the build cache will be required,
  as a step toward eliminating <code>$GOPATH/pkg</code>.
  The module and package loading support described above
  already require that the build cache be enabled.
  If you have disabled the build cache to avoid problems you encountered,
  please <a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">file an issue</a> to let us know about them.
</p>

<h3 id="compiler">Compiler toolchain</h3>

<p>
  More functions are now eligible for inlining by default, including
  functions that call <code>panic</code>.
</p>

<p>
  The compiler toolchain now supports column information
  in <a href="/cmd/compile/#hdr-Compiler_Directives">line
  directives</a>.
</p>

<p>
  A new package export data format has been introduced.
  This should be transparent to end users, except for speeding up
  build times for large Go projects.
  If it does cause problems, it can be turned off again by
  passing <code>-gcflags=all=-iexport=false</code> to
  the <code>go</code> tool when building a binary.
</p>

<p>
  The compiler now rejects unused variables declared in a type switch
  guard, such as <code>x</code> in the following example:
</p>
<pre>
func f(v interface{}) {
	switch x := v.(type) {
	}
}
</pre>
<p>
  This was already rejected by both <code>gccgo</code>
  and <a href="/pkg/go/types/">go/types</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="assembler">Assembler</h3>

<p>
  The assembler for <code>amd64</code> now accepts AVX512 instructions.
</p>

<h3 id="debugging">Debugging</h3>

<p>
  The compiler now produces significantly more accurate debug
  information for optimized binaries, including variable location
  information, line numbers, and breakpoint locations.

This should make it possible to debug binaries
  compiled <em>without</em> <code>-N</code>&nbsp;<code>-l</code>.

There are still limitations to the quality of the debug information,
  some of which are fundamental, and some of which will continue to
  improve with future releases.
</p>

<p>
  DWARF sections are now compressed by default because of the expanded
  and more accurate debug information produced by the compiler.

This is transparent to most ELF tools (such as debuggers on Linux
  and *BSD) and is supported by the Delve debugger on all platforms,
  but has limited support in the native tools on macOS and Windows.

To disable DWARF compression,
  pass <code>-ldflags=-compressdwarf=false</code> to
  the <code>go</code> tool when building a binary.
</p>

<p>
  Go 1.11 adds experimental support for calling Go functions from
  within a debugger.

This is useful, for example, to call <code>String</code> methods
  when paused at a breakpoint.

This is currently only supported by Delve (version 1.1.0 and up).
</p>

<p>
  Since Go 1.10, the <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>test</code> command runs
  <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>vet</code> on the package being tested,
  to identify problems before running the test. Since <code>vet</code>
  typechecks the code with <a href="/pkg/go/types/">go/types</a>
  before running, tests that do not typecheck will now fail.

In particular, tests that contain an unused variable inside a
  closure compiled with Go 1.10, because the Go compiler incorrectly
  accepted them (<a href="https://golang.org/issues/3059">Issue #3059</a>),
  but will now fail, since <code>go/types</code> correctly reports an
  "unused variable" error in this case.
</p>

<p>
  The <code>-memprofile</code> flag
  to <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>test</code> now defaults to the
  "allocs" profile, which records the total bytes allocated since the
  test began (including garbage-collected bytes).
</p>

<p>
  The <a href="/cmd/vet/"><code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>vet</code></a>
  command now reports a fatal error when the package under analysis
  does not typecheck. Previously, a type checking error simply caused
  a warning to be printed, and <code>vet</code> to exit with status 1.
</p>

<p>
  Additionally, <a href="/cmd/vet"><code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>vet</code></a>
  has become more robust when format-checking <code>printf</code> wrappers.
  Vet now detects the mistake in this example:
</p>

<pre>
func wrapper(s string, args ...interface{}) {
	fmt.Printf(s, args...)
}

func main() {
	wrapper("%s", 42)
}
</pre>

<h3 id="trace">Trace</h3>

<p>
  With the new <code>runtime/trace</code>
  package's <a href="/pkg/runtime/trace/#hdr-User_annotation">user
  annotation API</a>, users can record application-level information
  in execution traces and create groups of related goroutines.
  The <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>tool</code>&nbsp;<code>trace</code>
  command visualizes this information in the trace view and the new
  user task/region analysis page.
</p>

<p>
Since Go 1.10, cgo has translated some C pointer types to the Go
type <code>uintptr</code>. These types include
the <code>CFTypeRef</code> hierarchy in Darwin's CoreFoundation
framework and the <code>jobject</code> hierarchy in Java's JNI
interface. In Go 1.11, several improvements have been made to the code
that detects these types. Code that uses these types may need some
updating. See the <a href="go1.10.html#cgo">Go 1.10 release notes</a> for
details. 
</p>

<h3 id="go_command">Go command</h3>

<p>
  The environment variable <code>GOFLAGS</code> may now be used
  to set default flags for the <code>go</code> command.
  This is useful in certain situations.
  Linking can be noticeably slower on underpowered systems due to DWARF,
  and users may want to set <code>-ldflags=-w</code> by default.
  For modules, some users and CI systems will want vendoring always,
  so they should set <code>-mod=vendor</code> by default.
  For more information, see the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Environment_variables"><code>go</code>
  command documentation</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="godoc">Godoc</h3>

<p>
  Go 1.11 will be the last release to support <code>godoc</code>'s command-line interface.
  In future releases, <code>godoc</code> will only be a web server. Users should use
  <code>go</code> <code>doc</code> for command-line help output instead.
</p>

<p>
  The <code>godoc</code> web server now shows which version of Go introduced
  new API features. The initial Go version of types, funcs, and methods are shown
  right-aligned. For example, see <a href="/pkg/os/#UserCacheDir"><code>UserCacheDir</code></a>, with "1.11"
  on the right side. For struct fields, inline comments are added when the struct field was
  added in a Go version other than when the type itself was introduced.
  For a struct field example, see
  <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace/#ClientTrace.Got1xxResponse"><code>ClientTrace.Got1xxResponse</code></a>.
</p>

<h3 id="gofmt">Gofmt</h3>

<p>
  One minor detail of the default formatting of Go source code has changed.
  When formatting expression lists with inline comments, the comments were
  aligned according to a heuristic.
  However, in some cases the alignment would be split up too easily, or
  introduce too much whitespace.
  The heuristic has been changed to behave better for human-written code.
</p>

<p>
  Note that these kinds of minor updates to gofmt are expected from time to
  time.
  In general, systems that need consistent formatting of Go source code should
  use a specific version of the <code>gofmt</code> binary.
  See the <a href="/pkg/go/format/">go/format</a> package documentation for more
  information.
</p>

<p>
  
  The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>run</code></a>
  command now allows a single import path, a directory name or a
  pattern matching a single package.
  This allows <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>run</code>&nbsp;<code>pkg</code> or <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>run</code>&nbsp;<code>dir</code>, most importantly <code>go</code>&nbsp;<code>run</code>&nbsp;<code>.</code>
</p>

<h2 id="runtime">Runtime</h2>

<p>
  The runtime now uses a sparse heap layout so there is no longer a
  limit to the size of the Go heap (previously, the limit was 512GiB).
  This also fixes rare "address space conflict" failures in mixed Go/C
  binaries or binaries compiled with <code>-race</code>.
</p>

<p>
  On macOS and iOS, the runtime now uses <code>libSystem.dylib</code> instead of
  calling the kernel directly. This should make Go binaries more
  compatible with future versions of macOS and iOS.
  The <a href="/pkg/syscall">syscall</a> package still makes direct
  system calls; fixing this is planned for a future release.
</p>

<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>

<p>
As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise
statements about performance are difficult to make.  Most programs
should run a bit faster, due to better generated code and
optimizations in the core library.
</p>

<p>
There were multiple performance changes to the <code>math/big</code>
package as well as many changes across the tree specific to <code>GOARCH=arm64</code>.
</p>

<h3 id="performance-compiler">Compiler toolchain</h3>

<p>
  The compiler now optimizes map clearing operations of the form:
</p>
<pre>
for k := range m {
	delete(m, k)
}
</pre>

<p>
  The compiler now optimizes slice extension of the form
  <code>append(s,</code>&nbsp;<code>make([]T,</code>&nbsp;<code>n)...)</code>.
</p>

<p>
  The compiler now performs significantly more aggressive bounds-check
  and branch elimination. Notably, it now recognizes transitive
  relations, so if <code>i&lt;j</code> and <code>j&lt;len(s)</code>,
  it can use these facts to eliminate the bounds check
  for <code>s[i]</code>. It also understands simple arithmetic such
  as <code>s[i-10]</code> and can recognize more inductive cases in
  loops. Furthermore, the compiler now uses bounds information to more
  aggressively optimize shift operations.
</p>

<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>

<p>
  All of the changes to the standard library are minor.
</p>

<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>

<p>
  As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
  made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
  in mind.
</p>

<dl id="crypto"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/">crypto</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      Certain crypto operations, including
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/ecdsa/#Sign"><code>ecdsa.Sign</code></a>,
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#EncryptPKCS1v15"><code>rsa.EncryptPKCS1v15</code></a> and
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#GenerateKey"><code>rsa.GenerateKey</code></a>,
      now randomly read an extra byte of randomness to ensure tests don't rely on internal behavior.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="crypto/cipher"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/">crypto/cipher</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The new function <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/#NewGCMWithTagSize"><code>NewGCMWithTagSize</code></a>
      implements Galois Counter Mode with non-standard tag lengths for compatibility with existing cryptosystems.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="crypto/rsa"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/">crypto/rsa</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#PublicKey"><code>PublicKey</code></a> now implements a
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#PublicKey.Size"><code>Size</code></a> method that
      returns the modulus size in bytes.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="crypto/tls"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/">crypto/tls</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a>'s new
      <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState.ExportKeyingMaterial"><code>ExportKeyingMaterial</code></a>
      method allows exporting keying material bound to the
      connection according to RFC 5705.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="crypto/x509"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/">crypto/x509</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The deprecated, legacy behavior of treating the <code>CommonName</code> field as
      a hostname when no Subject Alternative Names are present is now disabled when the CN is not a
      valid hostname.
      The <code>CommonName</code> can be completely ignored by adding the experimental value
      <code>x509ignoreCN=1</code> to the <code>GODEBUG</code> environment variable.
      When the CN is ignored, certificates without SANs validate under chains with name constraints
      instead of returning <code>NameConstraintsWithoutSANs</code>.
    </p>

<p>
      Extended key usage restrictions are again checked only if they appear in the <code>KeyUsages</code>
      field of <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#VerifyOptions"><code>VerifyOptions</code></a>, instead of always being checked.
      This matches the behavior of Go 1.9 and earlier.
    </p>

<p>
      The value returned by <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#SystemCertPool"><code>SystemCertPool</code></a>
      is now cached and might not reflect system changes between invocations.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="debug/elf"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/elf/">debug/elf</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      More <a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#ELFOSABI_NONE"><code>ELFOSABI</code></a>
      and <a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#EM_NONE"><code>EM</code></a>
      constants have been added.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="encoding/asn1"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/">encoding/asn1</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      <code>Marshal</code> and <code><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#Unmarshal">Unmarshal</a></code>
      now support "private" class annotations for fields.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="encoding/base32"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/base32/">encoding/base32</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The decoder now consistently
      returns <code>io.ErrUnexpectedEOF</code> for an incomplete
      chunk. Previously it would return <code>io.EOF</code> in some
      cases.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="encoding/csv"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/">encoding/csv</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The <code>Reader</code> now rejects attempts to set
      the <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/#Reader.Comma"><code>Comma</code></a>
      field to a double-quote character, as double-quote characters
      already have a special meaning in CSV.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="html/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/html/template/">html/template</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The package has changed its behavior when a typed interface
      value is passed to an implicit escaper function. Previously such
      a value was written out as (an escaped form)
      of <code>&lt;nil&gt;</code>. Now such values are ignored, just
      as an untyped <code>nil</code> value is (and always has been)
      ignored.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="image/gif"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/gif/">image/gif</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      Non-looping animated GIFs are now supported. They are denoted by having a
      <code><a href="/pkg/image/gif/#GIF.LoopCount">LoopCount</a></code> of -1.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="io/ioutil"><dt><a href="/pkg/io/ioutil/">io/ioutil</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The <code><a href="/pkg/io/ioutil/#TempFile">TempFile</a></code>
      function now supports specifying where the random characters in
      the filename are placed. If the <code>prefix</code> argument
      includes a "<code>*</code>", the random string replaces the
      "<code>*</code>". For example, a <code>prefix</code> argument of "<code>myname.*.bat</code>" will
      result in a random filename such as
      "<code>myname.123456.bat</code>". If no "<code>*</code>" is
      included the old behavior is retained, and the random digits are
      appended to the end.
    </p>

</dl>

<p>
      <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.ModInverse"><code>ModInverse</code></a> now returns nil when g and n are not relatively prime. The result was previously undefined.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="mime/multipart"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/">mime/multipart</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The handling of form-data with missing/empty file names has been
      restored to the behavior in Go 1.9: in the
      <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Form"><code>Form</code></a> for
      the form-data part the value is available in
      the <code>Value</code> field rather than the <code>File</code>
      field. In Go releases 1.10 through 1.10.3 a form-data part with
      a missing/empty file name and a non-empty "Content-Type" field
      was stored in the <code>File</code> field.  This change was a
      mistake in 1.10 and has been reverted to the 1.9 behavior.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="mime/quotedprintable"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/quotedprintable/">mime/quotedprintable</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      To support invalid input found in the wild, the package now
      permits non-ASCII bytes but does not validate their encoding.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The new <a href="/pkg/net/#ListenConfig"><code>ListenConfig</code></a> type and the new
      <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.Control"><code>Dialer.Control</code></a> field permit
      setting socket options before accepting and creating connections, respectively.
    </p>

<p>
      The <a href="/pkg/syscall/#RawConn"><code>syscall.RawConn</code></a> <code>Read</code>
      and <code>Write</code> methods now work correctly on Windows.
    </p>

<p>
      The <code>net</code> package now automatically uses the
      <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/splice.2.html"><code>splice</code> system call</a>
      on Linux when copying data between TCP connections in
      <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn.ReadFrom"><code>TCPConn.ReadFrom</code></a>, as called by
      <a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>io.Copy</code></a>. The result is faster, more efficient TCP proxying.
    </p>

<p>
      The <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn.File"><code>TCPConn.File</code></a>,
      <a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.File"><code>UDPConn.File</code></a>,
      <a href="/pkg/net/#UnixCOnn.File"><code>UnixConn.File</code></a>,
      and <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.File"><code>IPConn.File</code></a>
      methods no longer put the returned <code>*os.File</code> into
      blocking mode.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="net/http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a> type has a
      new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.MaxConnsPerHost"><code>MaxConnsPerHost</code></a>
      option that permits limiting the maximum number of connections
      per host.
    </p>

<p>
      The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Cookie"><code>Cookie</code></a> type has a new
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Cookie.SameSite"><code>SameSite</code></a> field
      (of new type also named
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#SameSite"><code>SameSite</code></a>) to represent the new cookie attribute recently supported by most browsers.
      The <code>net/http</code>'s <code>Transport</code> does not use the <code>SameSite</code>
      attribute itself, but the package supports parsing and serializing the
      attribute for browsers to use.
    </p>

<p>
      It is no longer allowed to reuse a <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>
      after a call to
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown"><code>Shutdown</code></a> or
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Close"><code>Close</code></a>. It was never officially supported
      in the past and had often surprising behavior. Now, all future calls to the server's <code>Serve</code>
      methods will return errors after a shutdown or close.
    </p>

<p>
      The constant <code>StatusMisdirectedRequest</code> is now defined for HTTP status code 421.
    </p>

<p>
      The HTTP server will no longer cancel contexts or send on
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#CloseNotifier"><code>CloseNotifier</code></a>
      channels upon receiving pipelined HTTP/1.1 requests. Browsers do
      not use HTTP pipelining, but some clients (such as
      Debian's <code>apt</code>) may be configured to do so.
    </p>

<p>
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment"><code>ProxyFromEnvironment</code></a>, which is used by the
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>, now
      supports CIDR notation and ports in the <code>NO_PROXY</code> environment variable.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="net/http/httputil"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/">net/http/httputil</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a>
      has a new
      <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy.ErrorHandler"><code>ErrorHandler</code></a>
      option to permit changing how errors are handled.
    </p>

<p>
      The <code>ReverseProxy</code> now also passes
      "<code>TE:</code>&nbsp;<code>trailers</code>" request headers
      through to the backend, as required by the gRPC protocol.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The new <a href="/pkg/os/#UserCacheDir"><code>UserCacheDir</code></a> function
      returns the default root directory to use for user-specific cached data.
    </p>

<p>
      The new <a href="/pkg/os/#ModeIrregular"><code>ModeIrregular</code></a>
      is a <a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode"><code>FileMode</code></a> bit to represent
      that a file is not a regular file, but nothing else is known about it, or that
      it's not a socket, device, named pipe, symlink, or other file type for which
      Go has a defined mode bit.
    </p>

<p>
      <a href="/pkg/os/#Symlink"><code>Symlink</code></a> now works
      for unprivileged users on Windows 10 on machines with Developer
      Mode enabled.
    </p>

<p>
      When a non-blocking descriptor is passed
      to <a href="/pkg/os#NewFile"><code>NewFile</code></a>, the
      resulting <code>*File</code> will be kept in non-blocking
      mode. This means that I/O for that <code>*File</code> will use
      the runtime poller rather than a separate thread, and that
      the <a href="/pkg/os/#File.SetDeadline"><code>SetDeadline</code></a>
      methods will work.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="os/signal"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/signal/">os/signal</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The new <a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Ignored"><code>Ignored</code></a> function reports
      whether a signal is currently ignored.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="os/user"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/user/">os/user</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The <code>os/user</code> package can now be built in pure Go
      mode using the build tag "<code>osusergo</code>",
      independent of the use of the environment
      variable <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code>. Previously the only way to use
      the package's pure Go implementation was to disable <code>cgo</code>
      support across the entire program.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="pkg-runtime"><dt id="runtime-again"><a href="/pkg/runtime/">runtime</a></dt>
  <dd>

<p>
      Setting the <code>GODEBUG=tracebackancestors=<em>N</em></code>
      environment variable now extends tracebacks with the stacks at
      which goroutines were created, where <em>N</em> limits the
      number of ancestor goroutines to report.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="runtime/pprof"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      This release adds a new "allocs" profile type that profiles
      total number of bytes allocated since the program began
      (including garbage-collected bytes). This is identical to the
      existing "heap" profile viewed in <code>-alloc_space</code> mode.
      Now <code>go test -memprofile=...</code> reports an "allocs" profile
      instead of "heap" profile.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="sync"><dt><a href="/pkg/sync/">sync</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The mutex profile now includes reader/writer contention
      for <a href="/pkg/sync/#RWMutex"><code>RWMutex</code></a>.
      Writer/writer contention was already included in the mutex
      profile.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      On Windows, several fields were changed from <code>uintptr</code> to a new
      <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=windows&GOARCH=amd64#Pointer"><code>Pointer</code></a>
      type to avoid problems with Go's garbage collector. The same change was made
      to the <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/windows"><code>golang.org/x/sys/windows</code></a>
      package. For any code affected, users should first migrate away from the <code>syscall</code>
      package to the <code>golang.org/x/sys/windows</code> package, and then change
      to using the <code>Pointer</code>, while obeying the
      <a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code> conversion rules</a>.
    </p>

<p>
      On Linux, the <code>flags</code> parameter to
      <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=linux&GOARCH=amd64#Faccessat"><code>Faccessat</code></a>
      is now implemented just as in glibc. In earlier Go releases the
      flags parameter was ignored.
    </p>

<p>
      On Linux, the <code>flags</code> parameter to
      <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=linux&GOARCH=amd64#Fchmodat"><code>Fchmodat</code></a>
      is now validated. Linux's <code>fchmodat</code> doesn't support the <code>flags</code> parameter
      so we now mimic glibc's behavior and return an error if it's non-zero.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="text/scanner"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/scanner/">text/scanner</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      The <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner.Scan"><code>Scanner.Scan</code></a> method now returns
      the <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#RawString"><code>RawString</code></a> token
      instead of <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#String"><code>String</code></a>
      for raw string literals.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="text/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
      Modifying template variables via assignments is now permitted via the <code>=</code> token:
    </p>
    <pre>
  {{"{{"}} $v := "init" {{"}}"}}
  {{"{{"}} if true {{"}}"}}
    {{"{{"}} $v = "changed" {{"}}"}}
  {{"{{"}} end {{"}}"}}
  v: {{"{{"}} $v {{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}/* "changed" */{{"}}"}}</pre>

<p>
      In previous versions untyped <code>nil</code> values passed to
      template functions were ignored. They are now passed as normal
      arguments.
    </p>

</dl>

<dl id="time"><dt><a href="/pkg/time/">time</a></dt>
  <dd>
    <p>
	  Parsing of timezones denoted by sign and offset is now
	  supported. In previous versions, numeric timezone names
	  (such as <code>+03</code>) were not considered valid, and only
	  three-letter abbreviations (such as <code>MST</code>) were accepted
	  when expecting a timezone name.
    </p>
</dl>

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